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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor 2.0.26"/>
<title>Submitting Patches</title>
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</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Submitting Patches</h1>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_guidelines">Guidelines</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here are some guidelines for contributing back to this
project. There is also a <a href="MyFirstContribution.html">step-by-step tutorial</a>
available which covers many of these same guidelines.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="patch-flow">A typical life cycle of a patch series</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To help us understand the reason behind various guidelines given later
in the document, first let’s understand how the life cycle of a
typical patch series for this project goes.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>You come up with an itch. You code it up. You do not need any
pre-authorization from the project to do so.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Your patches will be reviewed by other contributors on the mailing
list, and the reviews will be done to assess the merit of various
things, like the general idea behind your patch (including "is it
solving a problem worth solving in the first place?"), the reason
behind the design of the solution, and the actual implementation.
The guidelines given here are there to help your patches by making
them easier to understand by the reviewers.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>You send the patches to the list and cc people who may need to know
about the change. Your goal is <strong>not</strong> necessarily to convince others
that what you are building is good. Your goal is to get help in
coming up with a solution for the "itch" that is better than what
you can build alone.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The people who may need to know are the ones who worked on the code
you are touching. These people happen to be the ones who are
most likely to be knowledgeable enough to help you, but
they have no obligation to help you (i.e. you ask them for help,
you don’t demand). <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-p</code> -- <code><em>$area_you_are_modifying</em></code> would
help you find out who they are.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is also a good idea to check whether your topic has been discussed
previously on the mailing list, or whether similar work is already in
progress. Prior discussions may contain useful context, design
considerations, or earlier attempts at solving the same problem. Being
aware of such discussions can help you avoid duplicating work and may
allow you to coordinate with other contributors working in the same
area.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>You get comments and suggestions for improvements. You may even get
them in an "on top of your change" patch form. You are expected to
respond to them with "Reply-All" on the mailing list, instead of
letting an updated patch series be your only response. Tell
reviewers which suggestions you plan to use, which ones you disagree
with, and when a comment leads you to consider a different approach.
Use these replies and any follow-up discussion as input when
preparing an updated set of patches.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Be particularly mindful of critiques regarding the high-level design
or viability of your proposal (e.g., questioning if the feature is
worth implementing, or if the chosen approach is appropriate). Defend
your design decisions on the list first and work with reviewers and
other members to improve the design before revising the implementation.
This will avoid wasting effort on an implementation before its design is
solid.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Make sure that any new version explains and justifies those design
decisions more clearly, in the cover letter and in the revised commit
messages. Aim to make the reviewers say "it is now clear why we may
want to do this with the updated version".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Topics with unresolved fundamental design critiques will not be
considered ready for merging.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is often beneficial to allow some time for reviewers to provide
feedback before sending a new version, rather than sending an updated
series immediately after receiving a review. This helps collect broader
input, gives reviewers in different time zones a fair chance to comment,
and avoids unnecessary churn from many rapid iterations. Waiting also
encourages you to polish each version before sending it, so reviewers
can focus on substantial issues rather than typos or other small
mistakes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a rough default, avoid sending more than one new version of the same
series per day, while considering the size of the series and the depth
of review.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>These early update iterations are expected to be full replacements,
not incremental updates on top of what you posted already. If you
are correcting mistakes you made in the previous iteration that a
reviewer noticed and pointed out in their review, you <em>fix</em> that
mistake by rewriting your history (e.g., by using "git rebase -i")
to pretend that you never made the mistake in the first place. In
other words, this is a chance to pretend to be a perfect developer,
and you are expected to take advantage of that. In the larger
picture, nobody is interested in your earlier mistakes. Just
present a logical progression made by a perfect developer who makes
no mistakes while working on the topic.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Polish, refine, and re-send your patches to the list and to the people
who spent their time to improve your patch. Go back to step (2).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>While the above iterations improve your patches, the maintainer may
pick the patches up from the list and queue them to the <code>seen</code>
branch, in order to make it easier for people to play with it
without having to pick up and apply the patches to their trees
themselves. Being in <code>seen</code> has no other meaning. Specifically, it
does not mean the patch was "accepted" in any way.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When the discussion reaches a consensus that the latest iteration of
the patches are in good enough shape, the maintainer includes the
topic in the "What’s cooking" report that are sent out a few times a
week to the mailing list, marked as "Will merge to <em>next</em>." This
decision is primarily made by the maintainer with help from those
who participated in the review discussion.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>After the patches are merged to the <em>next</em> branch, the discussion
can still continue to further improve them by adding more patches on
top, but by the time a topic gets merged to <em>next</em>, it is expected
that everybody agrees that the scope and the basic direction of the
topic are appropriate, so such incremental updates are limited to
small corrections and polishing. After a topic cooks for some time
(like 7 calendar days) in <em>next</em> without needing further tweaks on
top, it gets merged to the <em>master</em> branch and waits to become part
of the next major release.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>But sometimes things do not work as planned:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>If a mailing list discussion convinces you that your changes aren’t
ideal, please explicitly retract the topic to save the maintainer
time and effort.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you must drop a topic due to shifting priorities, lack of time,
or other commitments, notify the list as a courtesy so others can
take over. Anyone can resurrect the topic later when they have the
capacity to do so.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Topics with unaddressed review comments that remain inactive for
four weeks may be discarded by the maintainer.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the following sections, many techniques and conventions are listed
to help your patches get reviewed effectively in such a life cycle.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="choose-starting-point">Choose a starting point.</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a preliminary step, you must first choose a starting point for your
work. Typically this means choosing a branch, although technically
speaking it is actually a particular commit (typically the HEAD, or tip,
of the branch).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are several important branches to be aware of. Namely, there are
four integration branches as discussed in <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>maint</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>master</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>next</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>seen</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The branches lower on the list are typically descendants of the ones
that come before it. For example, <code>maint</code> is an "older" branch than
<code>master</code> because <code>master</code> usually has patches (commits) on top of
<code>maint</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are also "topic" branches, which contain work from other
contributors. Topic branches are created by the Git maintainer (in
their fork) to organize the current set of incoming contributions on
the mailing list, and are itemized in the regular "What’s cooking in
git.git" announcements. To find the tip of a topic branch, run <code>git</code> <code>log</code>
<code>--first-parent</code> <code>master</code><code>..</code><code>seen</code> and look for the merge commit. The second
parent of this commit is the tip of the topic branch.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There is one guiding principle for choosing the right starting point: in
general, always base your work on the oldest integration branch that
your change is relevant to (see "Merge upwards" in
<a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a>). What this principle means is that for the
vast majority of cases, the starting point for new work should be the
latest HEAD commit of <code>maint</code> or <code>master</code> based on the following cases:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>If you are fixing bugs in the released version, use <code>maint</code> as the
starting point (which may mean you have to fix things without using
new API features on the cutting edge that recently appeared in
<code>master</code> but were not available in the released version).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Otherwise (such as if you are adding new features) use <code>master</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
In exceptional cases, a bug that was introduced in an old
version may have to be fixed for users of releases that are much older
than the recent releases. <code>git</code> <code>describe</code> <code>--contains</code> <code>X</code> may describe
<code>X</code> as <code>v2.30.0-rc2-gXXXXXX</code> for the commit <code>X</code> that introduced the
bug, and the bug may be so high-impact that we may need to issue a new
maintenance release for Git 2.30.x series, when "Git 2.41.0" is the
current release. In such a case, you may want to use the tip of the
maintenance branch for the 2.30.x series, which may be available in the
<code>maint-2.30</code> branch in <a href="https://github.com/gitster/git">the maintainer’s
"broken out" repo</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This also means that <code>next</code> or <code>seen</code> are inappropriate starting points
for your work, if you want your work to have a realistic chance of
graduating to <code>master</code>. They are simply not designed to be used as a
base for new work; they are only there to make sure that topics in
flight work well together. This is why both <code>next</code> and <code>seen</code> are
frequently re-integrated with incoming patches on the mailing list and
force-pushed to replace previous versions of themselves. A topic that is
literally built on top of <code>next</code> cannot be merged to <code>master</code> without
dragging in all the other topics in <code>next</code>, some of which may not be
ready.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, if you are making tree-wide changes, while somebody else is
also making their own tree-wide changes, your work may have severe
overlap with the other person’s work. This situation may tempt you to
use <code>next</code> as your starting point (because it would have the other
person’s work included in it), but doing so would mean you’ll not only
depend on the other person’s work, but all the other random things from
other contributors that are already integrated into <code>next</code>. And as soon
as <code>next</code> is updated with a new version, all of your work will need to
be rebased anyway in order for them to be cleanly applied by the
maintainer.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Under truly exceptional circumstances where you absolutely must depend
on a select few topic branches that are already in <code>next</code> but not in
<code>master</code>, you may want to create your own custom base-branch by forking
<code>master</code> and merging the required topic branches into it. You could then
work on top of this base-branch. But keep in mind that this base-branch
would only be known privately to you. So when you are ready to send
your patches to the list, be sure to communicate how you created it in
your cover letter. This critical piece of information would allow
others to recreate your base-branch on their end in order for them to
try out your work.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Finally, note that some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers
with their own separate source code repositories (see the section
"Subsystems" below).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="separate-commits">Make separate commits for logically separate changes.</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unless your patch is really trivial, you should not be sending
out a patch that was generated between your working tree and
your commit head. Instead, always make a commit with complete
commit message and generate a series of patches from your
repository. It is a good discipline.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Give an explanation for the change(s) that is detailed enough so
that people can judge if it is good thing to do, without reading
the actual patch text to determine how well the code does what
the explanation promises to do.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If your description starts to get too long, that’s a sign that you
probably need to split up your commit to finer grained pieces.
That being said, patches which plainly describe the things that
help reviewers check the patch, and future maintainers understand
the code, are the most beautiful patches. Descriptions that summarize
the point in the subject well, and describe the motivation for the
change, the approach taken by the change, and if relevant how this
differs substantially from the prior version, are all good things
to have.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Make sure that you have tests for the bug you are fixing. See
<code>t/README</code> for guidance.</p>
</div>
<div id="tests" class="paragraph">
<p>When adding a new feature, make sure that you have new tests to show
the feature triggers the new behavior when it should, and to show the
feature does not trigger when it shouldn’t. After any code change,
make sure that the entire test suite passes. When fixing a bug, make
sure you have new tests that break if somebody else breaks what you
fixed by accident to avoid regression. Also, try merging your work to
<em>next</em> and <em>seen</em> and make sure the tests still pass; topics by others
that are still in flight may have unexpected interactions with what
you are trying to do in your topic.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Pushing to a fork of <a href="https://github.com/git/git" class="bare">https://github.com/git/git</a> will use their CI
integration to test your changes on Linux, Mac and Windows. See the
<a href="#GHCI">GitHub CI</a> section for details.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Do not forget to update the documentation to describe the updated
behavior and make sure that the resulting documentation set formats
well (try the Documentation/doc-diff script).</p>
</div>
<div id="typofixes" class="paragraph">
<p>We currently have a liberal mixture of US and UK English norms for
spelling and grammar, which is somewhat unfortunate. A huge patch that
touches the files all over the place only to correct the inconsistency
is not welcome, though. Potential clashes with other changes that can
result from such a patch are not worth it. We prefer to gradually
reconcile the inconsistencies in favor of US English, with small and
easily digestible patches, as a side effect of doing some other real
work in the vicinity (e.g. rewriting a paragraph for clarity, while
turning en_UK spelling to en_US). Obvious typographical fixes are much
more welcomed ("teh → "the"), preferably submitted as independent
patches separate from other documentation changes.</p>
</div>
<div id="whitespace-check" class="paragraph">
<p>Oh, another thing. We are picky about whitespaces. Make sure your
changes do not trigger errors with the sample pre-commit hook shipped
in <code>templates/hooks--pre-commit</code>. To help ensure this does not happen,
run <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--check</code> on your changes before you commit.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="describe-changes">Describe your changes well.</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The log message that explains your changes is just as important as the
changes themselves. Your code may be clearly written with in-code
comment to sufficiently explain how it works with the surrounding
code, but those who need to fix or enhance your code in the future
will need to know <em>why</em> your code does what it does, for a few
reasons:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Your code may be doing something differently from what you wanted it
to do. Writing down what you actually wanted to achieve will help
them fix your code and make it do what it should have been doing
(also, you often discover your own bugs yourself, while writing the
log message to summarize the thought behind it).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Your code may be doing things that were only necessary for your
immediate needs (e.g. "do X to directories" without implementing or
even designing what is to be done on files). Writing down why you
excluded what the code does not do will help guide future developers.
Writing down "we do X to directories, because directories have
characteristic Y" would help them infer "oh, files also have the same
characteristic Y, so perhaps doing X to them would also make sense?".
Saying "we don’t do the same X to files, because …​" will help them
decide if the reasoning is sound (in which case they do not waste
time extending your code to cover files), or reason differently (in
which case, they can explain why they extend your code to cover
files, too).</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The goal of your log message is to convey the <em>why</em> behind your change
to help future developers. The reviewers will also make sure that
your proposed log message will serve this purpose well.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The first line of the commit message should be a short description (50
characters is the soft limit, see DISCUSSION in <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>),
and should skip the full stop. It is also conventional in most cases to
prefix the first line with "area: " where the area is a filename or
identifier for the general area of the code being modified, e.g.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>doc: clarify distinction between sign-off and pgp-signing</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>githooks.txt: improve the intro section</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If in doubt which identifier to use, run <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--no-merges</code> on the
files you are modifying to see the current conventions.</p>
</div>
<div id="summary-section" class="paragraph">
<p>The title sentence after the "area:" prefix omits the full stop at the
end, and its first word is not capitalized (the omission
of capitalization applies only to the word after the "area:"
prefix of the title) unless there is a reason to
capitalize it other than because it is the first word in the sentence.
E.g. "doc: clarify…​", not "doc: Clarify…​", or "githooks.txt:
improve…​", not "githooks.txt: Improve…​". But "refs: HEAD is also
treated as a ref" is correct, as we spell <code>HEAD</code> in all caps even when
it appears in the middle of a sentence.</p>
</div>
<div id="meaningful-message" class="paragraph">
<p>The body should provide a meaningful commit message, which:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>explains the problem the change tries to solve, i.e. what is wrong
with the current code without the change.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>justifies the way the change solves the problem, i.e. why the
result with the change is better.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>alternate solutions considered but discarded, if any.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>records the resolution of design or viability concerns raised by the
community during the review, if any, ensuring the historical record
explains why the chosen approach was accepted over alternatives.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="present-tense" class="paragraph">
<p>The problem statement that describes the status quo is written in the
present tense. Write "The code does X when it is given input Y",
instead of "The code used to do Y when given input X". You do not
have to say "Currently"---the status quo in the problem statement is
about the code <em>without</em> your change, by project convention.</p>
</div>
<div id="imperative-mood" class="paragraph">
<p>Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz"
instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed xyzzy
to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change
its behavior. Try to make sure your explanation can be understood
without external resources. Instead of giving a URL to a mailing list
archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion.</p>
</div>
<div id="commit-reference" class="paragraph">
<p>There are a few reasons why you may want to refer to another commit in
the "more stable" part of the history (i.e. on branches like <code>maint</code>,
<code>master</code>, and <code>next</code>):</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>A commit that introduced the root cause of a bug you are fixing.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A commit that introduced a feature that you are enhancing.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A commit that conflicts with your work when you made a trial merge
of your work into <code>next</code> and <code>seen</code> for testing.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you reference a commit on a more stable branch (like <code>master</code>,
<code>maint</code> and <code>next</code>), use the format "abbreviated hash (subject,
date)", like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> Commit f86a374 (pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak, 2015-03-30)
noticed that ...</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The "Copy commit reference" command of gitk can be used to obtain this
format (with the subject enclosed in a pair of double-quotes), or this
invocation of <code>git</code> <code>show</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> git show -s --pretty=reference <commit></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>or, on an older version of Git without support for --pretty=reference:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre> git show -s --date=short --pretty='format:%h (%s, %ad)' <commit></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="sign-off">Certify your work by adding your <code>Signed-off-by:</code> trailer</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To improve tracking of who did what, we ask you to certify that you
wrote the patch or have the right to pass it on under the same license
as ours, by "signing off" your patch. Without sign-off, we cannot
accept your patches.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If (and only if) you certify the below D-C-O:</p>
</div>
<div id="dco" class="quoteblock">
<div class="title">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</div>
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist loweralpha">
<ol class="loweralpha">
<li>
<p>The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
have the right to submit it under the open source license
indicated in the file; or</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best